Since the emergence of modernity, and in response to its myriad aspects and potentials, which are constantly unfolding, countless reactions have kept emerging in almost all quarters of the globe. A large variety of anti-modern reactions, the common core of which is perhaps the idea that modernity, in one way or another, is illegitimate, stand out among these responses. According to some of these anti-modern responses, modernity has usurped the characteristics and features of religion, which has been the soul as well as the main shaping force of the pre-modern era and has reproduced it in a corrupted form. Two German-speaking philosophers, Karl Popper and Hans Blumenberg, are among the intellectuals who have defended modernity against the onslaught of anti-modern tendencies. In this paper, I briefly, though critically, compare and contrast the approaches as well as some of the arguments of these two thinkers in defence of modernity.

Introduction: DROUGHT has detrimental effects on the ecological environment. DROUGHT in Iran has spread to all parts of the country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective MECHANISMS of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT from the viewpoint of the experts of the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of the province of Alborz. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population of this research was 316 professional agents from the Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization of Alborz Province. The sample size selected based on the Morgan and Morgan table of 183 people, and the sampling method was proportional to the simple random sampling method. The calculated alpha for the research questionnaire is 0. 80. Findings: The research data indicate that the variables of managerial factors are about 32. 4, the variables of economic factors are about 31%, and the variables of educational factors are about 28. 5% and the variables of socio-cultural factors account for about 30. 5% of the changes in the dependent variable of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT. The results of Factor Analysis of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT Solutions in the field of agriculture in Alborz province showed that political-supportive strategies, MANAGEMENT solutions, technical solutions, legal solutions, educational strategies and economic solutions are the priorities of the factors that have the highest share in the explanation. DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT strategies in the field of agriculture in Alborz province have been studied by experts. These factors account for 72. 12% of the variance of all variables.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the causes, impacts and MECHANISMS of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT in rural and nomadic communities in Iran. 201 experts and managers involved in DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT were surveyed through a complete enumeration/census. Face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts. The calculated Cronbach’s alpha for the different sections of the instrument were 0.81, 0.76 and 0.72. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 11.5) was used to treat and analyze the obtained data. Factor analysis was employed to analyze the data. Five components emerged from factor analysis of the causes of DROUGHT vulnerability including socio-economic factor (32.42% of the variance), livelihood factor (19.3% of the variance), hydrological factor (17.79% of the variance), agricultural factor (10% of the variance) and meteorological factor (9% of the variance). In a similar vein, four principal components including ecological and environmental impacts, economic and livelihood impacts, social impacts and psychological impacts were extracted using factor analysis. Additionally, five principal components were extracted from the factor analysis of MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS. Considering these factors, a conceptual model has been proposed.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the obstacles to the implementation of school-based MANAGEMENT in Iran's educational system based on the interpretive structural modeling approach. The research method was a modeling study. The statistical population of the research was specifically the academic staff members of the university, 25 of whom were purposefully selected from the desired cases. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-interactive questionnaire. In order to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the criterion of content validity was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The data analysis was done with interpretive structural modeling method. The results of the research showed that 9 factors play a role as barriers to school-oriented MANAGEMENT. Also, the results showed that financial obstacles (the cost of school-oriented MANAGEMENT), socio-cultural obstacles and political obstacles (political focus on schools by the central government) as key independent variables have high influence power and low dependence. Also, the results showed that the lack of belief in the professional competence of school administrators, the lack of infrastructure facilities, the emphasis of upper MANAGEMENT on the supervision and control of schools, and the lack of cooperation of local communities with school-based MANAGEMENT as the linking variables with the greatest power of influence and the greatest power of dependence. and the centralism in the education system of the country and the lack of legal powers to school managers and staff as dependent variables have high dependency power and low influence power.

CRISIS is a process that occurs due to a number of natural and abnormal factors, causing a great deal of damage to various sectors of the economy and society. Due to its specific climatic and geographical conditions, Iran has always been exposed to natural threats such as DROUGHT and suffers many economic and social losses, especially in agriculture. Kerman province is one of the important areas in the production of crops, Garden products and livestock in the country, which its economy is highly dependent on agriculture, which has led to excessive use of water resources in the province. Due to the location of this province in an arid and desert area, it is susceptible to DROUGHT phenomenon,this phenomenon is one of the most chronic and devastating natural disasters which will have many adverse effects on the economic, social and rural development of Kerman province. Today, using comprehensive CRISIS MANAGEMENT programs and the use of effective measures, together with low-cost and multi-purpose applications, as well as low-cost and multi-functional steps before, during and after the CRISIS, it is possible to reduce the severity and extent of damages and losses caused by the CRISIS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation status of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT programs in Kerman province, in order to provide solutions for developing these programs in different parts of the province. The present study was an applied one and main tool of research was questionnaire and SPSS22 software was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT programs in Kerman province was undesirable. Therefore, to eliminate the shortcomings or obstacles that stand in the way of these programs,by providing facilities and organizing the market of DROUGHT-resistant plants and mechanizing other farms, as well as training and awareness of farmers, in relation to DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT programs, the implementation of these programs has been prioritized and since the participation of local communities can play an important role in the implementation and development of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT programs, it is necessary to focus more on the issue of farmers' participation in the design and implementation of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT programs and community-based CRISIS MANAGEMENT should be a priority in policy-making and planning,In addition, evaluating the implementation of DROUGHT CRISIS MANAGEMENT programs in order to assess the successes and failures of these programs should be considered as an ongoing process.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, weed free and weed infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation and water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in weed control and total weed dry weight decreased to 341 and 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as weed infested. Nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced weed total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with application of nitrogen and nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory weed control and increased grain yield.